by the emperor himself

Adapting to the historical trend, gearing with determination of his political and social pratice to Han people, Emperor Xiaowen's reformation was by no means negligible and he earned himself fame of brilliant statesman in Chinese history.

孝文帝顺应历史发展的趋势，放弃自己民族的旧俗，毅然地进行改革，对中国历史的发展作出了重要的贡献，不愧是中国历史上一位杰出的政治家。

The study of examination-oriented poems and poetic prose themed on celestial phenomena shows that the subjects of such poems are all assigned by chief examiner, only on some special occasions by the emperor himself.

对天象类应试诗赋的题目进行了研究：应试诗赋皆命题之作，多由主考官拟定，特定情况下才由皇帝亲自命题。

Calling himself Shi huang-ti ( "First Sovereign Emperor") ， Cheng completed the unification of China begun by L ü and founded the Qin Dynasty.

赢政自称始皇帝，完成了吕不韦开始的统一中国的大业建立了秦朝。

The power of an emperor was defined by law, not by himself.

一个皇帝的权力是由法律而不是他自己规定的。

Loyalty to the emperor and loving to the people was always treated by Liu Chang as his standard. He constantly improved himself, and hoping to quit his mission successfully.

刘敞始终以忠君爱民为准则，不断完善自我，并期冀功成身退的境界。